MultiversX (Elrond)

Elrond is a unique structure that introduces a genuine state sharding scheme for practical scalability, removing energy and computational waste while ensuring distributed fairness via a secure proof of stake (SPoS) consensus. Elrond’s network is constructed to provide resistance to recognized security issues like the Sybil attack, the nothing at Stake attack, and others. Тhe solution for smart contracts gives an EVM-compliant engine to ensure interoperability by design. Elrond exceeds Visa’s average throughput and achieves a development beyond three orders of significance or 1000x compared to the current viable approaches while lowering the fees of bootstrapping and storage to ensure long-term resistance.

Elrond is a fast adaptive sharding device that reorganizes based on necessity and the number of active network nodes and permits shard computation. At the start of each epoch, the modern and nondeterministic reassignment of nodes is in the shards, inducing no temporary consequences.

Adaptive state sharding comes with extra challenges compared to the static version. One of the critical factors resides in how shard-splitting and shardmerging are finished to prevent general latency consequences added by the synchronization/communication needs the shard number changes. In this situation, the communication overhead required by nodes to retrieve the new state as soon as their shard address space assignment has been modified.